In populations with high infant mortality rates, LEB is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. For example, a society with a LEB of 40 would have relatively few people dying at exactly 40: most will die before 30 or after 55. The combination of high infant mortality and deaths in young adulthood from accidents, epidemics, plagues, wars, and childbirth, before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. In recent years, LEB in Eswatini (Swaziland) is 49, while LEB in Japan is 83. In the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, human LEB was 26 years the 2010 world LEB was 67.2 years. National LEB figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of period LEB. Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at a given year. Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of a birth cohort (all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died.
The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth ( LEB), which can be defined in two ways. Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age, and other demographic factors like sex. (In the SVG file, hover over a bubble to highlight it and show its data.) The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their population.
The dotted line corresponds to equal female and male life expectancy. Gender Die Gap: global gender life expectancy gap at birth for countries and territories as defined in the 2018 CIA Factbook, with selected bubbles labelled.
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